Femtosecond laser fabrication of 3D vertically aligned micro-pore network on thick-film Li4Ti5O12 electrode for high-performance lithium storage

The development of energy storage devices with high energy density relies heavily on thick film electrodes, but it is challenging due to the limited ion transport kinetics inherent in thick electrodes. Here, we report on the preparation of a directional vertical array of micro-porous transport networks on LTO electrodes using a femtosecond laser processing strategy, enabling directional ion rapid transport and achieving good electrochemical performance in thick film electrodes. Various three-dimensional (3D) vertically aligned micro-pore networks are innovatively designed, and the structure, kinetics characteristics, and electrochemical performance of the prepared ion transport channels are analyzed and discussed by multiple characterization and testing methods. Furthermore, the rational mechanisms of electrode performance improvement are studied experimentally and simulated from two aspects of structural mechanics and transmission kinetics. The ion diffusion coefficient, rate performance at 60 C, and electrode interface area of the laser-optimized 60-15% micro-porous transport network electrodes increase by 25.2 times, 2.2 times, and 2.15 times, respectively than those of untreated electrodes. Therefore, the preparation of 3D micro-porous transport networks by femtosecond laser on ultra-thick electrodes is a feasible way to develop high-energy batteries. In addition, the unique micro-porous transport network structure can be widely extended to design and explore other high-performance energy materials.