Ultrasonographic evaluation of the liver and gallbladder and hepatic histogram of non‐venomous snakes

Abstract This study aimed to describe sonographic features of the liver, gallbladder and hepatic histogram from grey‐scale ultrasound in three species of healthy non‐venomous snakes. Twenty‐eight adult snakes were enrolled in the study, including 10 common boas ( Boa constrictor ), eight black‐tailed pythons ( Python molurus ) and 10 rainbow boas ( Epicrates crassus ). The snakes fasted for 30 days and were manually restrained while conscious. For B. constrictor and P. molurus the liver and gallbladder were best visualized in ventral recumbency, and E. crassus in dorsal recumbency. A single elongated hepatic lobe was identified in all snakes. The gallbladder was positioned caudal and separated from the liver, with an oval shape and homogeneous anechoic content in the lumen, and thin and regular walls. A region of interest by pixel number was chosen for the liver, fat bodies, left kidney, and splenopancreas. The mean grey level (G) of the organs had significant differences within each species. Standard deviation of grey levels (S G ) had significant differences within B. constrictor and E. crassus. P. molurus had no significant difference among organs. The comparison among snakes showed that E. crassus had G of liver and splenopancreas lower than B. constrictor and P. molurus. The S G of the liver in E. crassus was lowest compared to B. constrictor and P. molurus. P. molurus showed the highest values in mean of G and S G . In conclusion, despite the liver and gallbladder having similar sonographic features, the grey‐level histogram showed that liver echotexture and echogenicity differ among species.