Progress and challenges in the fabrication of lead-free all-inorganic perovskites solar cells using solvent and compositional engineering Techniques-A review

Organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells have paved the way toward producing low-cost thin-film solar cells. The tremendous improvement in power conversion efficiency greater than 25%, suitable optoelectronic properties and easiness of the fabrication method have triggered the aspiration to think thoroughly about the commercialisation stage. However, lead toxicity and poor stability stand as the main obstruction. Therefore, the great way toward commercialisation is by considering all inorganic lead-free halide perovskites solar cells (AILFHP). Since the first AILFHP solar cell was fabricated, several challenges have been conquered by modifying the fabrication techniques and device architecture. This review entails the modification done to fabrication methods, particularly the application of solvent and composition engineering techniques. Several deposition techniques with and without excess reactants and precursor–solvent interaction have been thoroughly discussed. It further discusses the effect of mixed cations and mixed anions, potential application areas, obstacles, and future commercialisation prospects.