Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

A sheet of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, measuring two dimensions, is known as graphene. A zero-gap band structure, high electron mobility, high thermal and electrical conductivity, chemical tunability, and high specific surface area are just a few of the special qualities that make graphene one of the most promising materials for a variety of uses and have created new possibilities for devices in the future. The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the theoretical underpinnings of the structural and electrical characteristics, synthesis methods, primary characterizations, and cutting-edge applications of graphene and its derivatives, including 3D pillared graphene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene quantum dots. Based on a tight binding technique, the electronic band structure of graphene is described. Popular synthesis methods for growing graphene and its derivatives are given, including chemical exfoliation, electrochemical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, and microwave irradiation. Highlighted are recent developments in graphene-based devices, including sensors, transistors, energy storage, water purification membranes, solar cells, and elastomeric uses.