Non-invasive ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) in azoospermia: connecting testicular microcirculation to spermatogenic functions

ULM provides a non-invasive and detailed assessment of testicular microvascular dynamics. The ULM-derived vascular parameters are able to connect testicular microcirculation to spermatogenic functions. The combination of FSH and mean vascular diameter enhances diagnostic precision and holds potential for distinguishing NOA from OA.