Global Primary Antibiotic Resistance Rate of Helicobacter pylori in Recent 10 years: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

ABSTRACT Introduction Due to irregular antibiotic use, the rate of antibiotic resistance to Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) is increasing and varies from region to region. Therefore, for the purpose of further clarifying the changes in antibiotic resistance rates nowadays, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to update and assess the 10‐year trend of primary H. pylori antibiotic resistance rate to the commonly prescribed antibiotics worldwide. Materials and Methods According to the PRISMA statement, we systematically searched electronic databases for studies that assessed rates of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, amoxicillin, or tetracycline published from 2013 to 2023. AHRQ was adopted to estimate methodological quality and publication bias in the included studies, and statistical analysis was performed using Stata 17.0. Results We identified 163 studies, comprising 47,002 isolates from 36 countries. The meta‐analysis showed that the primary antibiotic resistance rate of H. pylori varied widely among antibiotics. Subgroup analysis showed higher rates of antibiotic resistance in the adult population than in children, and a general trend of increased resistance was observed from 2013 to 2023. There was considerable heterogeneity ( I 2 > 75%) among all analyses, which may be due to high variability in resistance rates across the global regions. Conclusions Resistance of H. pylori to antibiotics has reached alarming levels worldwide, which has a great effect on the efficacy of treatment. Local surveillance networks are required to select appropriate eradication regimens for each region.