Sea Surface Kinematics From Near-Nadir Radar Measurements

Doppler radars at all incidence angles measure mean velocities and spreads that have complex relations to oceanic motions, with opportunities to measure winds, waves, and currents. Here, we extend previous theoretical models of backscatter and Doppler using a Kirchhoff approximation and the physical optics model. We show that in Ka-band, around 12° incidence, range-resolved measurements of Doppler and backscatter provide unambiguous estimations of the wave spectrum and surface current. This property is illustrated with numerical examples and airborne data from the Air Surface Water Ocean Topography instrument. The same measurement conditions can be exploited for global ocean mapping from the low Earth orbit sensor satellite configuration.