A three-dimensional “turn-on” sensor array for simultaneous discrimination of multiple heavy metal ions based on bovine serum albumin hybridized fluorescent gold nanoclusters

Traditional single sensor is designed based on the "lock-and-key" mode, which only relies on the most dominant interactions between the sensing element and the target. Although it exhibits high selectivity, there are challenges in detecting multiple analytes at the same time. Here, a sensor array with three sensing elements is developed to detect multiple heavy metal ions simultaneously and quickly. In our experiment, bovine serum albumin-encapsulated gold nanoclusters (BSA-AuNCs) were used as fluorescence probes and three different dopamine (DA) concentrations as nonspecific receptors. As we know, self-polymerized polydopamine (PDA) can quench part of the fluorescence of BSA-AuNCs. Upon the addition of the heavy metal ions, the diverse non-specific interactions between DA and heavy metal ions result in the difference in the number of the remaining PDA. Therefore it would lead to different degrees of fluorescence recovery behavior. This unique "turn-on" fluorescence response mode can be analyzed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Two-dimensional, three-dimensional and even four-dimensional mixed ions detection and quantitative detection have also been achieved. Moreover, by using this fluorescence array mode, heavy metal ions in tap water or blood samples can be detected.