Comparison of complex-contrast versus French contrast training on steroid hormones and physical performance of tier 3 male field hockey players: A randomized controlled trial

As a high-intensity, intermittent sport, field hockey demands optimal muscular power, speed, agility, and hormonal readiness to sustain competitive performance. This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of Complex-Contrast Training (CCT) and French Contrast Training (FCT) on steroid hormone responses and selected physical performance parameters in tier 3 male field hockey players. Forty-five players (age: 19.56 ± 1.34 years) were randomly assigned to either a CCT group ( n = 15), an FCT group ( n = 15), or a regular training group (RTG) ( n = 15). Training interventions were conducted thrice weekly for 12 weeks (36 sessions total), each lasting 60 min, following a 2-week familiarization period. Baseline assessment (A1) and 12-week assessment (A2) included serum testosterone (TST) and cortisol (CRSL) concentrations, 50 m sprint time, change of direction speed (CoDs), and countermovement jump (CMJ). Both CCT and FCT groups demonstrated significant improvements in sprint performance ( p < 0.001, ⴄ 2 =0.066), and CoDs ( p < 0.001, ⴄ 2 =0.117), and CMJ ( p < 0.001, ⴄ 2 =0.133), compared to the RTG. TST levels increased significantly in both CCT and FCT ( p < 0.001, ⴄ 2 =0.094), with a greater effect observed in the FCT group. CRSL responses indicated a favorable anabolic-catabolic balance post-training ( p < 0.001, ⴄ 2 =0.056), particularly in the FCT group. Between-group comparisons revealed that FCT produced superior gains in explosive power and hormonal adaptation, while CCT yielded slightly better improvements in sprint performance. These findings suggest that both training methods are effective for enhancing steroid hormone profiles and performance variables in competitive field hockey players, with FCT offering a marginal advantage for power-oriented adaptations. Coaches and practitioners may consider incorporating either approach during pre-competition phases to optimize physiological and performance outcomes.