Progress of sodium battery failure research

Sodium batteries have attracted much attention owing to their abundant reserves and low cost of Na raw materials and diverse sources of electrode materials. However, even if no external factors are applied, sodium batteries might fail in a certain probability during the normal operation, which exhibits the failure modes of electrochemical performance decay and the component destruction of the batteries, resulting in these failure consequences such as battery thermal runaway, short circuit, fire etc. In this paper, various failure causes are analyzed for the components of sodium batteries like cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, separators, current collectors and the case of the sodium battery, according to the theoretical failure chain model of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) technology. Progress of sodium battery failure research is summarized based on above sodium battery components. Moreover, the failure analysis process of sodium batteries is also proposed. The sodium battery failure analysis system is finally proposed. It will provide the informations for the failure research, safe use, design and manufacture of sodium batteries.