Validation of reference genes for quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay of honeybee under various pesticide treatment conditions

Abstract In quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), target gene expression levels are normalized to internal reference gene(s) that are stably expressed across different conditions to determine whether they are up‐ or down‐regulated. Therefore, it is essential to select appropriate reference gene(s) for the accurate comparison of target gene expression across different experimental conditions. Honeybee colonies can be damaged due to pesticide exposure, resulting in a decline of their population. Determination of gene expression levels is important for understanding the physiological response of honeybees to pesticide exposure. Therefore, in this study, we used qRT‐PCR to analyze the expression stability of five candidate reference genes ( RPS5 , RPS18 , GAPDH , ARF1 , and RAB1a ) in honeybees subjected to treatment with different dosages and exposure durations of seven pesticides (acetamiprid, imidacloprid, flupyradifurone, fenitrothion, carbaryl, amitraz, and bifenthrin) using four programs (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder). Subsequently, the expression levels of the target genes ( PER , FOR , and EGR1 ) were calculated using different normalization methods and compared. Based on our collective results, we propose RPS5 as the most appropriate reference gene for the normalization of target gene expression levels in qRT‐PCR assays for honeybees under various conditions of pesticide exposure, including pesticide type, exposure duration, and concentration.