Recent advances and ongoing challenges in nanofluids-enhanced cooling technologies

This review article explores the promising applications and performance enhancements offered by nanofluids in modern cooling systems. Nanofluids an engineered colloidal suspension of nanoparticles within conventional base fluids demonstrates superior thermo-physical properties, such as increased thermal conductivity and improved convective heat transfer capabilities. These characteristics position nanofluids as highly effective alternatives to traditional coolants across a wide spectrum of engineering and industrial domains. The article presents an analysis of contemporary research on nanofluid-based cooling technologies, encompassing diverse applications such as heat pipe systems, automotive thermal management, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, solar thermal collectors, electronic device cooling, and machining processes. Emphasis is placed on the potential of nanofluids to enhance energy efficiency, reduce thermal resistance, and improve overall system performance. In addition to highlighting the advantages, the review also addresses key challenges associated with nanofluid implementation, including nanoparticle stability, economic feasibility, and practical integration into existing systems. By synthesizing current findings and identifying future research directions, this article aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers seeking to optimize cooling system performance through the strategic use of nanofluid-based technologies.