Time is hunting: Investigating time pressure and bottom-line mentality with an eye-tracking approach

Why and when will people adopt bottom-line mentality (BLM) as an adaptive strategy? This research explores the dynamic triggers of BLM as an activated mental state, moving beyond static individual differences. Based on threat rigidity theory, we propose that time pressure can drive people to adopt BLM by fostering local processing—a narrow focus on immediate tasks. We further suggest that temporal leadership can moderate the relationship between time pressure and local processing, thereby mitigating subsequent BLM. Through three studies, we test this model: Study 1 uses a lab experiment with eye-tracking to confirm time pressure’s causal effect on local processing ( n = 120); Study 2, an online experiment, establishes the causal link between local processing and BLM by manipulating local processing ( n = 300); and Study 3, an experience sampling study with 101 employees over 10 workdays, validates the complete theoretical model. Our findings reveal how time pressure shapes BLM through local processing and highlight temporal leadership as a practical buffer. We discuss implications for managing workplace time pressure and propose future research directions to deepen understanding of the state-like nature of BLM in organizations.