A multilayer triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for vibration energy harvesting and frequency monitoring

With the advancement of sensor networks, the exploration of distributed vibrational energy resources bears significant implications. We introduce a multilayer triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid generator (M-TEHG). The M-TEHG exhibits remarkable output capabilities across a broad frequency spectrum, with a peak power density of 2.8 W/m3 at 10 Hz. Moreover, by incorporating the gas discharge tube (GDT) as a rapid switch in the BUCK circuit, the M-TEHG provides a continuous and stable power supply for the load. This innovation not only enhances the charging rate of the M-TEHG's capacitor by 43.84–57.66%, but also enables uninterrupted power supply to temperature and humidity sensors. Additionally, the M-TEHG also possesses the capability to monitor vibration frequencies. It utilizes a linear bearing and smooth guide rod structure, effectively mitigating the impact of vibration signals from different angles. The frequency monitoring of the M-TEHG achieves an accuracy of up to 99.1% and demonstrates exceptional linearity. The integrated electricity generation and sensing capability of M-TEHG demonstrate its immense potential in various fields, such as distributed sensor networks, unmanned environment monitoring, and especially early warning systems for bridge vibration.