Hyperandrogenic environment regulates the function of ovarian granulosa cells by modulating macrophage polarization in PCOS

Abstract Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine‐metabolic disorder characterized by oligo‐anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries, with hyperandrogenism being the most prominent feature of PCOS patients. However, whether excessive androgens also exist in the ovarian microenvironment of patients with PCOS, and their modulatory role on ovarian immune homeostasis and ovarian function, is not clear. Methods Follicular fluid samples from patients participating in their first in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) treatment were collected. Androgen concentration of follicular fluid was assayed by chemiluminescence, and the macrophage M1:M2 ratio was detected by flow cytometry. In an in vitro model, we examined the regulatory effects of different concentrations of androgen on macrophage differentiation and glucose metabolism levels using qRT‐PCR, Simple Western and multi‐factor flow cytometry assay. In a co‐culture model, we assessed the effect of a hyperandrogenic environment in the presence or absence of macrophages on the function of granulosa cells using qRT‐PCR, Simple Western, EdU assay, cell cycle assay, and multi‐factor flow cytometry assay. Results The results showed that a significantly higher androgen level and M1:M2 ratio in the follicular fluid of PCOS patients with hyperandrogenism. The hyperandrogenic environment promoted the expression of pro‐inflammatory and glycolysis‐related molecules and inhibited the expression of anti‐inflammatory and oxidative phosphorylation‐related molecules in macrophages. In the presence of macrophages, a hyperandrogenic environment significantly downregulated the function of granulosa cells. Conclusion There is a hyperandrogenic microenvironment in the ovary of PCOS patients with hyperandrogenism. Hyperandrogenic microenvironment can promote the activation of ovarian macrophages to M1, which may be associated with the reprogramming of macrophage glucose metabolism. The increased secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines by macrophages in the hyperandrogenic microenvironment would impair the normal function of granulosa cells and interfere with normal ovarian follicle growth and development.