Black phosphorus nanoplatform coated with platelet membrane improves inhibition of atherosclerosis progression through macrophage targeting and efferocytosis

Plaque rupture in atherosclerosis (AS) is a major cause of acute cardiovascular events. Macrophage-induced inflammatory responses and accumulation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) primarily induce unstable plaques. Therefore, targeting ROS clearance and functional modulation of macrophages are clinically crucial for improving plaque stability and inhibiting AS progression. Here, we constructed a bionic nano-delivery platform, PBP@siR@PM, using platelet membranes (PM) coated with black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) to target macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Meanwhile, PM-coated BPNSs (PBP@siR@PM) were used to deliver small interfering RNA silencing Ca