Manganese activates autophagy and microglia M2 polarization against endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuroinflammation: Involvement of GSK-3β signaling

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced nerve cell damage has been known to be a hallmark feature of Mn-induced parkinsonism pathogenesis. However, several compensatory machineries, such as unfolded protein response (UPR), autophagy, and immune response, play an essential role in this damage, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood.