Eco-friendly innovation: harnessing nature’s blueprint for enhanced photocatalysis and antimicrobial potential in multi-structured PN/ZnO nanoparticles

Abstract This research unveils an innovative approach to green synthesis, detailed characterization, and multifunctional exploration of bio-functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles (PN/ZnO NPs) adorned with phytochemicals from Piper nigrum (PN). Employing an extensive suite of spectroscopic techniques and physicochemical methods, including UV–vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, the study delves into the unique properties of PN/ZnO NPs. XRD confirms the development of the wurtzite phase with a crystallite diameter of 47.77 nm. FTIR reveals ZnO functionalization by PN’s phytochemicals, while FESEM and HRTEM suggest diverse architectural features. Selected area electron diffraction patterns authenticate the crystalline structure. BET analysis showcases a large specific surface area of 80.72 m 2 g −1 and a mesoporous structure. The absorption peak at 372 nm and an energy band gap ( E g ) of 3.44 eV validate ZnO NP formation. The catalytic performance is demonstrated through the degradation of commercial reactive yellow-17 (RY-17) dye, with PN/ZnO (dosage 300 mg l −1 ) achieving 94.72% removal at a dose of 120 mg l −1 . Pseudo-first-order kinetics govern the photodegradation process. PN-ZnO NPs showcase potent antimicrobial efficacy against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, with varying clearance zones. This study stands as an impactful exploration, integrating green synthesis, detailed characterization, and versatile functionalities of PN/ZnO NPs.