Development and validation of a prediction model for catheter-related bladder discomfort: a prospective observational study

Editor—Urinary catheterisation is a routine practice in the perioperative period. However, patients undergoing surgery with an indwelling urinary catheter frequently complain of an urge to void or discomfort in the supra-pubic region after emerging from general anaesthesia in the PACU, known as catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD), which could cause major distress. 1 Bai Y. Wang X. Li X. et al. Management of catheter-related bladder discomfort in patients who underwent elective surgery. J Endourol. 2015; 29: 640-649 Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar CRBD is frequently accompanied by behavioural responses, such as attempting to self-remove urinary catheters, flailing limbs, agitation, and yelling, 2 Agarwal A. Yadav G. Gupta D. Singh P.K. Singh U. Evaluation of intra-operative tramadol for prevention of catheter-related bladder discomfort: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Br J Anaesth. 2008; 101: 506-510 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar ,3 Kim D.H. Park J.Y. Yu J. et al. Intravenous lidocaine for the prevention of postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort in male patients undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumors: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2020; 131: 220-227 Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar which could lead to postoperative agitation, longer hospital stay, lower patient satisfaction, and increased staff workload. Despite its high incidence, from 47% to 90% in various procedures, 1 Bai Y. Wang X. Li X. et al. Management of catheter-related bladder discomfort in patients who underwent elective surgery. J Endourol. 2015; 29: 640-649 Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar ,4 Jang E.B. Hong S.H. Kim K.S. et al. Catheter-related bladder discomfort: how can we manage it?. Int Neurourol J. 2020; 24: 324-331 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar it is relatively overlooked as a complication in comparison with acute postoperative pain or postoperative nausea and vomiting.