PALB2
乳腺癌
支票2
医学
肿瘤科
癌症流行病学
流行病学
XRCC3
癌症
内科学
乳腺癌的危险因素
疾病
入射(几何)
妇科
男性乳腺癌
遗传学
生物
种系突变
基因
突变
单核苷酸多态性
基因型
出处
期刊:Springer International Publishing eBooks
[Springer Nature]
日期:2013-08-01
卷期号:: 9-29
被引量:123
标识
DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_2
摘要
Epidemiologic studies have contributed importantly to current knowledge of environmental and genetic risk factors for breast cancer. Worldwide, breast cancer is an important cause of human suffering and premature mortality among women. In the United States, breast cancer accounts for more cancer deaths in women than any site other than lung cancer. A variety of risk factors for breast cancer have been well-established by epidemiologic studies including race, ethnicity, family history of cancer, and genetic traits, as well as modifiable exposures such as increased alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, exogenous hormones, and certain female reproductive factors. Younger age at menarche, parity, and older age at first full-term pregnancy may influence breast cancer risk through long-term effects on sex hormone levels or by other biological mechanisms. Recent studies have suggested that triple negative breast cancers may have a distinct etiology. Genetic variants and mutations in genes that code for proteins having a role in DNA repair pathways and the homologous recombination of DNA double stranded breaks (APEX1, BRCA1, BRCA2, XRCC2, XRCC3, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51, XPD), have been implicated in some cases of breast cancer.
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