Poly (d, l-lactide)/polyvinyl alcohol-based injectable microspheres with inflammation alleviation and cartilage regeneration enhancement for treatment of temporomandibular joints osteoarthritis

chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs, resulting in concomitant inflammation alleviation and cartilage repair. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the KGN/MPHS-incorporated microspheres possess dual chondrogenic and anti-inflammatory functions and represent a promising therapeutic strategy for OA treatment.