Antibacterial functionalization of cellulose and cotton: A comprehensive review of cellulose-based strategies

Cotton, composed primarily of cellulose, remains one of the most important natural fibers for medical and technical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical stability. However, its hydrophilic nature promotes microbial colonization, creating a demand for efficient antibacterial functionalization. This review systematically summarizes and critically evaluates recent advances in chemical and physical modification strategies used to impart antimicrobial activity to cotton fabrics. Particular attention is given to cellulose-based surface engineering involving metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (Ag, Cu, ZnO, TiO₂); quaternary ammonium compounds; halamine derivatives, photoactive coatings; plant extracts; antibiotics; and organosilicon agents. The underlying mechanisms of antibacterial action-such as reactive oxygen species generation, membrane disruption, ion release, and photodynamic inactivation-are discussed in correlation with material structure and durability. Comparative analysis highlights the advantages and limitations of eco-friendly biogenic modifiers versus traditional metal-based systems. The review concludes by outlining emerging research trends in smart, multifunctional cotton textiles for biomedical and hygienic applications, emphasizing the importance of sustainable, regenerable, and non-toxic functionalization pathways.