A Comparative Review of Age-Aware Fast Charging Techniques for Advanced Battery Management Systems

Despite substantial technological advancements, the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft remains constrained by restricted driving range and prolonged charging durations. Minimizing the charging duration to approximately 15 minutes compared to conventional refueling has emerged as a potential solution to reduce range anxiety. However, directly raising the charging current to achieve this objective accelerates battery deterioration, resulting in capacity loss, power fade, and safety hazards. Numerous strategies have been introduced to reconcile fast charging with battery longevity; however, a unified framework for their evaluation and deployment is yet to be established. This review presents a comparative analysis of more than 50 studies on age-aware fast charging, emphasizing the balance between charging duration and long-term battery performance. Age-aware fast charging techniques are systematically categorized based on modeling complexity, parameterization requirements, cell chemistry, and the extent of real-world validation. Their comparative strengths and weaknesses are rigorously assessed in terms of cost–benefit tradeoffs and practical feasibility. Finally, key research gaps are identified to support the implementation of age-aware fast charging techniques in EV and eVTOL systems.