Water purification advances with metal–organic framework-based materials for micro/nanoplastic removal

The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in aquatic ecosystems poses a considerable threat to environmental and human health. Innovative approaches are essential to mitigate microplastic contamination in water sources in response to this global challenge. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), renowned for their versatile structural properties and high adsorption capacity, have emerged as promising materials for the effective removal of MPs/NPs. This review summarizes the unique characteristics of MOFs that make them ideal candidates for addressing the MP/NP crisis. To understand their removal mechanisms, we discussed MOF interactions with MPs/NPs using adsorption capacities, isothermal conditions, and kinetic models. A synergistic theoretical modeling approach and empirical analysis elucidate the adsorption–desorption dynamics, which is vital for optimizing MOF-based adsorbents. In addition, this article assesses the operational parameters that influence MOF efficacy, such as pH and ionic strength. This comprehensive analysis highlights the potential of MOFs in the sequestration of MPs/NPs, thereby setting a foundation for future advancements in MOF-based environmental restoration technologies.