The signalling pathways, calcineurin B‐like protein 5 (CBL5)‐CBL‐interacting protein kinase 8 (CIPK8)/CIPK24‐salt overly sensitive 1 (SOS1), transduce salt signals in seed germination in Arabidopsis

For plant growth under salt stress, sensing and transducing salt signals are central to cellular Na⁺ homoeostasis. The calcineurin B-like protein (CBL)-CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) complexes play critical roles in transducing salt signals in plants. Here, we show that CBL5, an ortholog of CBL4 and CBL10 in Arabidopsis, interacts with and recruits CIPK8/CIPK24 to the plasma membrane. Yeast cells coexpressing CBL5, CIPK8/CIPK24 and SOS1 demonstrated lesser Na⁺ accumulation and a better growth phenotype than the untransformed or SOS1 transgenic yeast cells under salinity. Overexpression of CBL5 improved the growth of the cipk8 or cipk24 single mutant but not the cipk8 cipk24 double mutant under salt stress, suggesting that CIPK8 and CIPK24 were the downstream targets of CBL5. Interestingly, seed germination in cbl5 was severely inhibited by NaCl, which was recovered by the overexpression of CBL5. Furthermore, CBL5 was mainly expressed in the cotyledons and hypocotyls, which are essential to seed germination. Na⁺ efflux activity in the hypocotyls of cbl5 was reduced relative to the wild-type under salt stress, enhancing Na⁺ accumulation. These findings indicate that CBL5 functions in seed germination and protects seeds and germinating seedlings from salt stress through the CBL5-CIPK8/CIPK24-SOS1 pathways.