Spatiotemporal manipulation metal–organic frameworks as oral drug delivery systems for precision medicine

Oral drug administration is the preferred method for delivering medications due to its safety, ease of ingestion, high patient compliance, absence of pain, and adaptability to a wide range of drugs. However, the low oral bioavailability of many drugs poses a significant challenge, limiting the effectiveness of oral drug delivery. This comprehensive review presents recent advances in the rational design of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to improve oral drug delivery, along with the associated challenges and opportunities. The review provides an overview of different types of MOFs, synthesis methods, and various strategies for carrying and releasing drugs with spatiotemporal manipulation. The mechanisms behind these strategies utilizing MOFs spatiotemporal manipulation for precision medicine are discussed. Additionally, the review explores naturally sourced materials as potential new MOFs for oral delivery. Moreover, the review offers insights into the application of MOFs as oral drug delivery systems for precision medicine. By facilitating the development of customized MOFs nanoplatforms for specific diseases, this review aims to advance the field of precision medicine and enhance its practicality in oral drug delivery.