N‐Phenylnorbornenesuccinimide derivatives, agricultural defensive, and enzymatic target selection

Abstract BACKGROUND Faced with the need to develop new herbicides with modes of action different to those observed for existing agrochemicals, one of the most promising strategies employed by synthetic chemists involves the structural modification of molecules found in natural products. Molecules containing amides, imides, and epoxides as functional groups are prevalent in nature and find extensive application in synthesizing more intricate compounds due to their biological properties. In this context, this paper delineates the synthesis of N ‐phenylnorbornenesuccinimide derivatives, conducts biological assays, and carries out in silico investigation of the protein target associated with the most potent compound in plant organisms. The phytotoxic effects of the synthesized compounds ( 2–29 ) were evaluated on Allium cepa , Bidens pilosa , Cucumis sativus , Sorghum bicolor , and Solanum lycopersicum . RESULTS Reaction of endo ‐bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐ene‐3a,7a‐dicarboxylic anhydride ( 1 ) with aromatic amines led to the N ‐phenylnorbornenesuccinic acids ( 2–11 ) with yields ranging from 75% to 90%. Cyclization of compounds ( 2–11 ) in the presence of acetic anhydride and sodium acetate afforded N ‐phenylnorbornenesuccinimides ( 12–20 ) with yields varying from 65% to 89%. Those imides were then subjected to epoxidation reaction to afford N ‐phenylepoxynorbornanesuccimides ( 21–29 ) with yields from 60% to 90%. All compounds inhibited the growth of seedlings of the plants evaluated. Substance 23 was the most active against the plants tested, inhibiting 100% the growth of all species in all concentrations. Cyclophilin was found to be the enzymatic target of compound 23 . CONCLUSION These findings suggest that derivatives of N ‐phenylnorbornenesuccinimide are promising compounds in the quest for more selective and stable agrochemicals. This perspective reinforces the significance of these derivatives as potential innovative herbicides and emphasizes the importance of further exploring their biological activity on weeds. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.