Association between semen parameters and recurrent pregnancy loss: An umbrella review of meta‐analyses

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a common clinical reproductive problem. With research advancements, an increasing number of studies have suggested that male factors play an important role in RPL. However, the evaluation results of male sperm quality in published meta-analyses are inconsistent. We aimed to summarize the evidence of the association between semen factors and RPL and evaluate the level and validity of the evidence.We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for systematic reviews or meta-analyses to evaluate the association between male semen parameters and RPL. The methodological quality of the included meta-analyses was assessed, and data and evidence were re-synthesized and stratified using a random-effects model.Seven meta-analyses and nine semen parameters were included in the final analysis. The methodological quality of all publications was considered low or very low. There was highly suggestive evidence for the association between sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF), sperm progressive motility rate, and RPL (class II). The evidence level for the association between sperm concentration, normal sperm morphology, sperm deformity rate, total motility, and RPL was suggestive evidence (class III). The evidence level for the association between sperm volume and sperm count and RPL was weak (class IV). There was no significant association between sperm pH and RPL (class NS).Our results suggest level II evidence for the association between male SDF and RPL, while the evidence level for the association between conventional semen routine parameters and RPL was low (classes III and IV).