Amoxicillin degradation and high-value extracellular polymer recovery by algal-bacterial symbiosis systems

Algal-bacterial symbiosis systems have emerged as sustainable methods for the treatment of new pollutants and the recovery of resources. However, the bio-refinery of biomass derived from microalgae is inefficient and expensive. In order to simultaneously degrade antibiotic and recover resources efficiently, two algal-bacterial symbiosis systems were constructed using Pseudomonas aeruginosa (alginate overproduction) and Bacillus subtilis (poly-γ-glutamic acid overproduction) with amoxicillin-degrading-microalga Prototheca zopfii W1. The optimal conditions for W1 to degrade amoxicillin are 35 °C, pH 7, and 180 rpm. In the presence of 5-50 mg/L of amoxicillin, W1-P. aeruginosa and W1-B. subtilis exhibit higher amoxicillin degradation and produce more extracellular polymers than W1 or bacteria alone. The metabolomic analysis demonstrates that the algal-bacterial symbiosis enhances the tolerance of W1 to amoxicillin by altering carbohydrate metabolism and promotes the production of biopolymers by upregulating the precursors synthesis. Moreover, the removal of amoxicillin (10 mg/L) from livestock effluent by W1-P. aeruginosa and W1-B. subtilis is greater than 90 % in 3 days, and the maximum yields of alginate and poly-γ-glutamate are 446.1 and 254.3 mg/g dry cell weight, respectively. These outcomes provide theoretical support for the application of algal-bacterial symbiosis systems to treatment of amoxicillin wastewater and efficient production of biopolymers.