Triboelectric Nanogenerators-Based Therapeutic Electrical Stimulation on Skin: from Fundamentals to Advanced Applications

Discovery of the amazing and vital therapeutic roles of electrical stimulation (ES) on skin has sparked tremendous efforts to investigate ES suppliers. Among them, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), as a self-sustainable bioelectronic system, can generate self-powered and biocompatible ES for achieving superior therapeutic effects on skin applications. Here, a brief review of the application of TENGs-based ES on skin is presented, with specific discussions of the fundamentals of TENGs-based ES and its feasibility to be applied for adjusting physiological and pathological processes of skin. Then, a comprehensive and in-depth depiction of emerging representative skin applications of TENGs-based ES is categorized and reviewed, with particular descriptions about its therapeutic effects on achieving antibacterial therapy, promoting wound healing, and facilitating transdermal drug delivery. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for further advancing TENGs-based ES toward a more powerful and versatile therapeutic strategy are discussed, particularly regarding opportunities in fundamental multidisciplinary research and biomedical applications.