KMT2D Regulates thymic Egress by Modulating Maturation and integrin Expression

Abstract Objective There is a clinical need to understand how dysregulated thymocyte development, caused by pathogenic variants in the gene encoding the histone-modifying enzyme, lysine methyltransferase 2D ( KMT2D ), contributes to immune dysfunction, including immune deficiency, autoimmunity, and lymphoproliferative sequela, and immune-driven mortality in individuals with Kabuki syndrome type 1 (KS1). Methods We studied peripheral T cells and thymocytes in both individuals with KS1 and murine constitutive and conditional targeted Kmt2d in T cells and hematopoietic lineages. KMT2D target genes, identified by RNA-sequencing of murine Kmt2d -knockout single-positive thymocytes, were validated with H3K4me3 ChIP-PCR and flow cytometry. Results Recent thymic emigrant (RTE) and naïve T cells were reduced, and memory and double-negative (DN)-T cells were expanded in human KS1 and murine models. Kmt2d loss led to Mature 1 CD8 + -single positive (SP) thymocyte accumulation and a decrease in SP thymocyte egress licensing expression (normally associated with the Mature 2 phenotype). Splenomegaly is associated with hematopoietic-driven Kmt2d loss and brings to light potential overlapping phenotypes with lymphoproliferative syndromes. Finally, we identified a KMT2D-regulated cluster of integrins which likely mediates aspects of the T cell egression. Conclusions Single-positive thymocyte populations deficient in Kmt2d display less integrin, less maturation, and less egress licensing gene expression; thereby, altering the downstream peripheral T cell composition that contribute to the observed KS1-associated immune deficiency. T cell intrinsic Kmt2d loss increases the percentage of peripheral DNT cells potentially through dysregulated apoptotic signaling, while hematopoietic-driven Kmt2d loss predisposes to splenomegaly; therefore, loss of Kmt2d recapitulates several distinct features of lymphoproliferative syndromes.