Early Detection of Diabetic Nephropathy Based on Urinary and Serum Biomarkers: An Updated Systematic Review.

studies were excluded from our review. Our analysis of 17 observational studies identified several key serum biomarkers, such as netrin-1, osteopontin, adiponectin, and specific cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-8), which show significant promise for early detection of DN. Urinary biomarkers, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), transferrin, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and various cytokines, have also proven to be reliable indicators. The combination of both serum and urinary biomarkers may enhance diagnostic accuracy and enable earlier intervention. Additionally, incorporating genetic and mRNA markers could provide a more comprehensive approach to early DN detection. Implementing these biomarkers in clinical practice could significantly improve outcomes for patients with DN by facilitating early diagnosis and timely management.