Epidemiological Trends in Pulmonary and Extra pulmonary Tuberculosis: A 5 year Retrospective Analysis of Acid Fast Bacilli

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health issue globally, presenting in pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) and extra PTB(EPTB) forms. Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) testing is crucial for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Understanding TB epidemiology, including positivity rates, demographic patterns, and comorbidities, is essential for effective control. This study analyses AFB testing trends for TB over 5 years, focusing on PTB and EPTB cases, gender and age distribution, and associated comorbidities to inform public health and clinical practices. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed AFB, Mantoux, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing data from 2019 to 2023. Trends in positivity rates, PTB/EPTB ratios, demographics, and comorbidities were assessed, with statistical analyses and comparisons to prior studies to contextualize findings. Results: AFB testing volume rose from 2440 samples in 2019–2518 in 2023. PTB positivity declined from 3.7% to 2.5%, whereas EPTB cases peaked in 2020. Males predominated PTB cases, peaking at 84.62% in 2020. PTB to EPTB ratios were 12.82:1 (AFB) and 3.47:1 (PCR). Mantoux positivity rose significantly from 2019 to 2022 (χ² =18.64, P < 0.001), with higher rates in males and older adults. An increase in rifampicin-resistant TB was noted in 2022–2023. Common TB comorbidities included diabetes, hypertension, and chronic lung disease, complicating treatment. Conclusion: This study highlights dynamic TB trends, stressing the need for age- and gender-specific control strategies. Rising EPTB cases, drug resistance, and comorbidities underscore the importance of targeted interventions, preventive measures, and socioeconomic research to optimize TB management.