Impact of storage conditions and duration on function of native and cargo-loaded mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles

Background aims As evidenced by ongoing clinical trials and increased activity in the commercial sector, extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapies have begun the transition from bench to bedside. As this progression continues, one critical aspect of EV clinical translation is understanding the effects of storage and transport conditions. Several studies have assessed the impact of storage on EV characteristics such as morphology, uptake and component content, but effects of storage duration and temperature on EV functional bioactivity and, especially, loaded cargo are rarely reported. Methods The authors assessed EV outcomes following storage at different temperatures (room temperature, 4°C, –20°C, –80°C) for various durations as well as after lyophilization. Results Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) EVs were observed to retain key aspects of their bioactivity (pro-vascularization, anti-inflammation) for up to 4–6 weeks at –20°C and –80°C and after lyophilization. Furthermore, via in vitro assays and an in vivo wound healing model, these same storage conditions were also demonstrated to enable preservation of the functionality of loaded microRNA and long non-coding RNA cargo in MSC EVs. Conclusions These findings extend the current understanding of how EV therapeutic potential is impacted by storage conditions and may inform best practices for handling and storing MSC EVs for both basic research and translational purposes.