Smoking Timing, Healthy Diet, and Risk of Incident CKD Among Smokers: Findings From UK Biobank

While smoking is a recognized risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), the relationship between the time smoking is initiated after awakening each day and CKD remains largely unstudied. This study examined the association between this timing and the risk of CKD, and the potential interactions of smoking timing with other risk factors for the occurrence of CKD.