An artificial liquid–liquid phase separation-driven silk fibroin-based adhesive for rapid hemostasis and wound sealing

The powerful adhesion systems of marine organisms have inspired the development of artificial protein-based bioadhesives. However, achieving robust wet adhesion using artificial bioadhesives remains technically challenging because the key element of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS)-driven complex coacervation in natural adhesion systems is often ignored. In this study, mimicking the complex coacervation phenomenon of marine organisms, an artificial protein-based adhesive hydrogel (SFG hydrogel) was developed by adopting the LLPS-mediated coacervation of the natural protein silk fibroin (SF) and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS). The assembled SF/SDBS complex coacervate enabled precise spatial positioning and easy self-adjustable deposition on irregular substrate surfaces, allowing for tight contact. Spontaneous liquid-to-solid maturation promoted the phase transition of the SF/SDBS complex coacervate to form the SFG hydrogel in situ, enhancing its bulk cohesiveness and interfacial adhesion. The formed SFG hydrogel exhibited intrinsic advantages as a new type of artificial protein-based adhesive, including good biocompatibility, robust wet adhesion, rapid blood-clotting capacity, and easy operation. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the SFG hydrogel not only achieved instant and effective hemostatic sealing of tissue injuries but also promoted wound healing and tissue regeneration, thus advancing its clinical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Marine mussels utilize the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) strategy to induce the supramolecular assembly of mussel foot proteins, which plays a critical role in strong underwater adhesion of mussel foot proteins. Herein, an artificial protein-based adhesive hydrogel (named SFG hydrogel) was reported by adopting the LLPS-mediated coacervation of natural protein silk fibroin (SF) and anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS). The assembled SFG hydrogel enabled the precise spatial positioning and easy self-adjustable deposition on substrate surfaces with irregularities, allowing tight interfacial adhesion and cohesiveness. The SFG hydrogel not only achieved instant and effective hemostatic sealing of tissue injuries but also promoted wound healing and tissue regeneration, exhibiting intrinsic advantages as a new type of artificial protein-based bioadhesives.