Minimizing annual reflection loss in fixed-tilt photovoltaic modules using graded refractive index (GRIN) anti-reflective glass

This study evaluates the performance of graded refractive index (GRIN) anti-reflective (AR) structures on photovoltaic (PV) modules across twenty global locations and compares them with conventional thin film AR coatings and bare glass. Optimized glass nanocones were chosen to represent the GRIN structures. Electrodynamic simulations were conducted to assess reflection properties at multiple angles of incidence. GRIN AR structures dramatically reduce total solar-integrated reflection to 0.2% at normal incidence, compared to 3.8% for bare glass and 0.8% for optimized thin film AR coatings, and maintained low reflection across a range of incident angles, demonstrating only 0.7% reflection at 60 degrees compared to significantly higher values for other surfaces. Detailed hourly simulations for twenty global locations revealed that GRIN AR coatings substantially reduce annual reflection loss to just 0.86±0.19% and increase expected annual energy output by up to 11.15±1.00% compared to bare glass at optimal tilt angles. The benefits of GRIN AR coatings are more substantial at sub-optimal panel orientations such as horizontal or vertical due to its broad angle AR properties. These findings highlight the potential of GRIN AR technology to approach the theoretical limit where front surface reflection loss is completely eliminated and enhance solar power conversion efficiencies. Additionally, a generalized model to approximate annual reflection loss for various materials is presented. This research encourages further exploration into GRIN AR coatings to optimize power conversion efficiencies and reduce reflection in PV modules.