Is Hodgkin Lymphoma Associated with Hepatitis B and C Viruses? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Apart from the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the etiology of the hematologic malignancy Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is not well defined. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are associated with some lymphoproliferative diseases with similarities to HL.We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis, by searching Embase, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases on March 9, 2021, for studies reporting a measure of association for HBV and HL or HCV and HL. We calculated pooled relative risks (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI).Pooling nine HBV studies with 1,762 HL cases yielded an RR of 1.39 (95% CI, 1.00-1.94) and pooling 15 HCV studies with 4,837 HL cases resulted in an RR of 1.09 (95% CI, 0.88-1.35). Meta-analyzing by study design, hepatitis detection method, and region revealed two subgroups with statistically significant associations-HCV studies that used hospital-based controls and/or were conducted in the West Pacific. No included study assessed age or EBV tumor status in relation to HL.Although we did not find an association between HBV or HCV and HL, research assessing the impact of age and EBV tumor status was lacking.The effect of HBV or HCV infection in the development of HL remains unclear.