Letter to the editor on “Titanium neck-titanium stem corrosion in a modular neck stem”

I read with interest the paper entitled by Shah, et al. [[1]Shah R. Talmo C. Nandi S. Titanium neck-titanium stem corrosion taper corrosion in a modular neck stem.Arthroplasty Today. 2019; 5: 145Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar], and I would like to congratulate the authors on a report that deals with the challenging problems of stem, neck, and head modularity. In my review of the case, I feel confident that the adverse local tissue reaction (ALTR) (and likely the patient’s symptoms) was absolutely caused by corrosion of the cobalt-chromium alloy head and titanium (Ti) alloy trunnion. The serum Co of 4.8 ppb is certainly consistent with this diagnosis, as is the lack of an elevation in serum Ti. The authors seem to think that the ALTR may have been caused by the Ti-Ti stem and neck junction in this paper, but I believe that this would be misleading to the journal readers. As Jacobs et al have pointed out, ALTR associated with Ti fretting and corrosion products on a submicron scale has not been described [[1]Shah R. Talmo C. Nandi S. Titanium neck-titanium stem corrosion taper corrosion in a modular neck stem.Arthroplasty Today. 2019; 5: 145Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar]. Cobalt submicron particles, on the other hand, have been shown conclusively to cause ALTR [2Jacobs J.J. Cooper H.J. Urban R.M. Wixon R.L. Della Valle C.J. What do we know about taper corrosion in total hip arthroplasty?.J Arthroplasty. 2014; 29: 668Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar, 3Wyles C.C. Paradise C.R. Masters T.L. et al.Cobalt and chromium ion release in metal-on-polyethylene and ceramic-on-polyethylene THA: a simulator study with cellular and microbiological correlations.J Arthroplasty. 2019; ([Epub ahead of print])https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2019.11.031Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (5) Google Scholar]. If the authors believe that the Ti alloy femoral neck-femoral stem modular junction was the main reason for this type of failure, they should consider analyzing the specimens with energy-dispersive X-ray or another method to evaluate material distribution in the corrosion products from the adverse reaction. Or, they should analyze the implants’ locking mechanisms/tapers. I recommend that the authors use a more sophisticated methodology if they believe that the titanium alloy junction was the problem and one of the reasons for ALTR in this patient. In the “Discussion” section of the case report, the authors noted that “this is the first case of neck-stem taper discoloration in this Ti alloy stem and only the third case of ALTR with this stem in MoP THA.” The other two cases were not identified in the article; these were the cases presented in the studies by Cooper, et al [[4]Cooper H.J. Della Valle C.J. Berger R.A. et al.Corrosion at the head-neck taper as a cause for adverse local tissue reactions after total hip arthroplasty?.J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012; 94: 1655Crossref PubMed Scopus (428) Google Scholar] and Matsen Ko, et al [[5]Matsen Ko L. Coleman J.J. Stas V. Duwelius P.J. Iliopsoas irritation as presentation of head-neck corrosion after total hip arthroplasty: a case series.Orthop Clin North Am. 2015; 26: 461Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (9) Google Scholar]. The authors described “avoiding the routine use of this stem, particularly given its vulnerability to corrosion,” but I do not feel that this recommendation is appropriate based only on their case. Using a non–cobalt-alloy head would, in my opinion, eliminate the rare risk of MACC (mechanically assisted crevice corrosion) at the head neck junction, and associated ALTR and symptoms. I agree that corrosion and/or fretting at the neck-stem junction is worth reporting, deserves more thorough investigation, and should be followed up. On the other hand, I think that this discoloration may not lead to clinical ramifications. In the presented case of a “low demand” patient, I may have considered revising the neck and converting to a ceramic head, without revising the well-fixed stem. Download .pdf (.52 MB) Help with pdf files Conflict of Interest Statement for Hirakawa Response to letter to the editor on “Titanium neck–titanium stem taper corrosion in a modular neck stem”Arthroplasty TodayVol. 6Issue 1PreviewWe thank both Dr. Hirakawa for his commentary on our article and the Editor-in-Chief for the opportunity to respond to the letter. We agree that increased modularity in total hip arthroplasty (THA) implants has introduced a new clinical dilemma. While modular neck stems may promote intraoperative efficiency and accuracy of anatomic restoration, there is increased risk of taper corrosion causing adverse local tissue reaction (ALTR) and/or neck fracture, potentially devastating events [1,2]. Full-Text PDF Open Access