Nitrogen Fixation with Water on Carbon-Nitride-Based Metal-Free Photocatalysts with 0.1% Solar-to-Ammonia Energy Conversion Efficiency

Ammonia (NH 3 ), which is an indispensable chemical, is produced by the Haber–Bosch process using H 2 and N 2 under severe reaction conditions. Although photocatalytic N 2 fixation with water under ambient conditions is ideal, all previously reported catalysts show low efficiency. Here, we report that a metal-free organic semiconductor could provide a new basis for photocatalytic N 2 fixation. We show that phosphorus-doped carbon nitride containing surface nitrogen vacancies (PCN-V), prepared by simple thermal condensation of the precursors under H 2, produces NH 3 from N 2 with water under visible light irradiation. The doped P atoms promote water oxidation by the photoformed valence-band holes, and the N vacancies promote N 2 reduction by the conduction-band electrons. These phenomena facilitate efficient N 2 fixation with a solar-to-chemical conversion (SCC) efficiency of 0.1%, which is comparable to the average solar-to-biomass conversion efficiency of natural photosynthesis by typical plants. Thus, this metal-free catalyst shows considerable potential as a new method of artificial photosynthesis.