The increase in the pore size of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) macroporous hydrogel promotes cell proliferation by enhancing substance permeability

studies with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) suggest that enhanced permeability facilitates glucose uptake and ATP production, consistent with the observed vigorous cell proliferation. This study offers insights into the quantitative correlation between pore architecture, substance transport, and cellular responses, providing a theoretical basis for designing hydrogel scaffolds with optimized microenvironments.