温室气体
还原(数学)
环境科学
自然资源经济学
废物管理
工程类
经济
海洋学
地质学
几何学
数学
作者
Elizabeth Lindstad,Benjamin Lagemann,Agathe Rialland,Gunnar Malm Gamlem,Anders Valland
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.trd.2021.103075
摘要
• Zero carbon fuels are often seen as the best way to reduce maritime GHG emissions. • The zero carbon fuels in focus for this study are E-fuels and Synthetic E-fuels. • The fuels are evaluated on cost, energy use and GHG emissions Well-to-Wake. • E-fuels will double or triple the maritime sector's energy consumption Well-to-Wake. • A narrow, maritime focus is counter-productive to a global decarbonization strategy. Maritime transport accounts for around 3% of global anthropogenic Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Well-to-Wake) and these emissions must be reduced with at least 50% in absolute values by 2050, to contribute to the ambitions of the Paris agreement (2015). Zero carbon fuels made from renewable sources (hydro, wind or solar) are by many seen as the most promising option to deliver the desired GHG reductions. For the maritime sector, these fuels come in two forms: First as E-Hydrogen or E-Ammonia; Second as Hydrocarbon E-fuels in the form of E-Diesel, E-LNG, or E-Methanol. We evaluate emissions, energy use and cost for E-fuels and find that the most robust path to these fuels is through dual-fuel engines and systems to ensure flexibility in fuel selection, to prepare for growing supplies and lower risks. The GHG reduction potential of E-fuels depends entirely on abundant renewable electricity.
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