The Helmholtz resonator for use as a low-frequency underwater acoustic source

The principle of the Helmholtz resonator as applied to low-frequency underwater acoustic sources is discussed. The advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of this type of transducer are addressed in general and then applied to a design example. The example will be followed from the equivalent circuit analysis and fabrication of a working scale model through to the experimental evaluation of the full-scale transducer.