Chloroplast immunity: A cornerstone of plant defense

Increasing evidence supports the notion that pattern recognition receptor-mediated immunity goes beyond plasma membrane-to-nucleus signaling. With findings of pathways linking plasma membrane and chloroplasts and functions of stromules and perinuclear chloroplast clustering in plant defense, chloroplast immunity has emerged as a cornerstone of plant defense and a target of plant pathogens. Increasing evidence supports the notion that pattern recognition receptor-mediated immunity goes beyond plasma membrane-to-nucleus signaling. With findings of pathways linking plasma membrane and chloroplasts and functions of stromules and perinuclear chloroplast clustering in plant defense, chloroplast immunity has emerged as a cornerstone of plant defense and a target of plant pathogens.