Novel database and cut-off value for bacterial amoA gene revealed a spatial variability pattern of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria community from river to sea

Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) catalyze the first step of nitrification, oxidizing ammonia to nitrite, and are characterized by amoA gene encoding ammonia monooxygenase. To analyze the AOB community effectively, an integral taxonomy database containing 14,058 amoA sequences and the optimal cut-off value at 95 % for OTU clustering were determined. This method was evaluated to be efficient by the analysis of environmental samples from the river, estuary, and sea. Using this method, a significant spatial variance of the AOB community was found. The diversity of AOB was highest in the estuary and lowest in the ocean. Nitrosomonas were the predominant AOB in the sediments of the freshwater river and estuary. Nearly all the AOB-amoA sequences belonged to uncultured bacterium in the sediments of deep sea. In general, an integral AOB taxonomic database and a suitable cut-off value were constructed for the comprehensive exploration of the diversity of AOB from river to sea.