PATE Model: A 30-Year Review and Analysis of Gestural Interaction Research

Objective This study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review of gestural interaction research by tracing its evolution from a focus on functionality and performance toward a human-centered paradigm, and to develop a theoretical framework that structures the understanding of gestural interaction processes. Background Despite extensive research, no comprehensive review has yet been conducted on gestural interaction from a human-centered perspective, highlighting the need for a structured synthesis to inform design and evaluation practices. Method We first developed a conceptual Person-Action-Target-Environment (PATE) model for gestural interaction. Guided by this model, we conducted a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. Our review included 197 articles to identify key topics, measurement indicators, and influencing factors. Results The review identified three phases in gesture research: an early focus on functionality, followed by performance-oriented studies, and a recent emphasis on user experience. Four key dimensions emerged in the measurement of gestural interaction: efficiency, ease of use, subjective experience, and tolerance degree. At least ten categories (40 factors in total) were found to influence gestural interaction, with factors related to person, interacting target and actions being extensively explored. Conclusion This review identifies trends, measures, and influencing factors in gestural interaction research, and utilizes the PATE model to effectively structure the analysis and understanding of gestural interaction processes. Application This review provides insights and tools for researchers and designers aiming to enhance user experience in gestural interaction technologies.