The impact of adverse childhood experiences on cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged and older adults

ACE exposure is strongly associated with elevated CVD risk in later life among Chinese adults, independent of adult socioeconomic position, behaviors, and health conditions. Findings highlight the critical need for trauma-informed public health strategies addressing childhood adversity as a social determinant of health. Early-life interventions and policies mitigating ACEs are essential to reduce long-term cardiovascular disparities.