Effects of dietary zinc levels on growth, intestinal health, antioxidant and non-specific immunity of spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) reared at two temperatures

This study investigated effects of dietary zinc levels and water temperature on growth, feed utilization, intestinal health, antioxidant and non-specific immunity of spotted seabass. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 30, 53, 77, 98, 116, or 145 mg Zn/kg. Each diet was fed to two different groups of fish reared at low temperature (27 °C; LT) or high temperature (33 °C; HT). Triplicate groups of fish were fed the test diets to apparent satiation two times daily for 8 weeks. Results showed that fish under HT showed the lower weight gain (WG) and higher feed conversion rate (FCR) comparing to the LT treatment (P < 0.05). Also, the growth and feed utilization were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by dietary Zn levels and broken-line regression analysis showed the optimal dietary Zn level for spotted seabass reared at 27 °C and 33 °C are 77.69 mg/kg and 93.61 mg/kg, respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein and lipid in HT treatment were significantly lower than those of LT treatment (P < 0.05), and ADCs significantly increased with the increase of dietary Zn levels. The histology showed HT and Zn-deficiency can cause the damage of intestine, while fish fed 77 mg Zn/kg diets presented normal structure. Serum LZM activity, C3 and IgM contents of HT treatments were lower than those of the LT treatments. Further, LZM activity, C3, and IgM contents can be significantly elevated by the increasing of dietary Zn levels. MDA content of HT treatments were significantly higher than that of LT treatments, while MDA content decreased with the increase of dietary Zn levels as SOD activity and T-AOC increased. Overall, the optimum dietary Zn level alleviated heat stress via enhancing immunity, antioxidant capacity and intestine health.