Intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes mitigates traumatic brain injury by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular trap formation via miR-26a-5p

These findings underscore the potential of MSC-Exos-miR-26a-5p to inhibit NET formation, modulate microglial polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, and enhance recovery from neural damage in TBI through the TAB2/JNK/AP1 pathway.