Bioinspired wood-based wedge-shaped surface with gradient wettability for enhanced directional liquid transport and fog harvesting

on vertical surfaces against gravity. By integrating geometric curvature and surface energy gradients, the innovative design achieved synergistic Laplace pressure-driven and wettability-driven liquid motions. To further demonstrate its potential for practical application, a fog-driven power device constructed using the gradient wettability wood with cactus spines not only enhanced water harvesting and energy conversion capabilities but also offered an environmentally friendly system. This study expanded the design toolbox for bioinspired liquid management surfaces, offering promising applications in water resource management, energy harvesting, and microfluidic devices.